Gender Empowerment Measures
The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a measure of inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources. It is one of the five indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual Human Development Report.
Methodology
Calculating the GEM involves several steps. Firstly percentages for females and males are calculated in each of three areas.
The first area is the number of parliamentary seats held.
The second area is measured by two sub-components:
a) legislators, senior officials, and managers, and
b) professional and technical positions.
The third area is measured by the estimated earned income (at purchasing power parity US$).
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Sunday, October 11, 2009
India Slips on Human Development Index
India slips on human development index
New Delhi: Developed countries can finance the rising burden of their ageing population far better if they allow more migration from countries like India, says the Human Development Report 2009, the flagship publication of the United Nations Development Programme.
“The growing labour abundance of developing countries suggest that we are entering a period when increased migration will benefit not only them (migrants) but will also be advantageous for the populations of destination countries”, it says.
The report has, therefore, criticised the trend to shut the labour market from migrants in the wake of the global recession, saying this has hurt the economies of the recipient countries. Without migration, the report says, dependency ratios (the percentage of people depending on the wage earner) by the year 2050 will rise to 78, instead of 71. In developing countries it will peak at 55 at the same time.
On the same lines, it has also suggested cities like Mumbai should develop facilities for migrants from rural areas like temporary ration cards and education opportunities for their children.
The annual HDI report has established itself as the most comprehensive measure of how economies have performed compared with the limited development scorecard offered by the rate of growth of the GDP.
On that score, India has slipped up by six positions to the 134th position among 182 countries. The score is based on the new income index developed by the World Bank. India’s score has been pulled down by its slower progress in education and health reforms compared with most nations.
The nation’s government expenditure on health as a percentage is only 3.4% in 2006 compared with 8.3% in Sri Lanka and 6.8% in Vietnam. Similarly, the public expenditure on education as percentage of total government expenses is 10.7% over the years 2000 to 2007.
Therefore, according to the report, life expectancy at birth, at 63.4 years, in India is worse than Egypt, Lebanon or Albania.
This is because the improvement in the growth rates of the country has not impacted its distribution. India’s HDI ranking is six rungs lower than the country’s per capita income ranking in PPP dollar terms, in sharp contrast to neighbours like Bangla-desh, which has a HDI ranking higher by 9 rungs, China 10 rungs and Sri Lanka 14 rungs. “Overall, however, India has made steady progress on the human development index. Its value has gone up from 0.556 in 2000 to 0.612 in 2007,” according...
New Delhi: Developed countries can finance the rising burden of their ageing population far better if they allow more migration from countries like India, says the Human Development Report 2009, the flagship publication of the United Nations Development Programme.
“The growing labour abundance of developing countries suggest that we are entering a period when increased migration will benefit not only them (migrants) but will also be advantageous for the populations of destination countries”, it says.
The report has, therefore, criticised the trend to shut the labour market from migrants in the wake of the global recession, saying this has hurt the economies of the recipient countries. Without migration, the report says, dependency ratios (the percentage of people depending on the wage earner) by the year 2050 will rise to 78, instead of 71. In developing countries it will peak at 55 at the same time.
On the same lines, it has also suggested cities like Mumbai should develop facilities for migrants from rural areas like temporary ration cards and education opportunities for their children.
The annual HDI report has established itself as the most comprehensive measure of how economies have performed compared with the limited development scorecard offered by the rate of growth of the GDP.
On that score, India has slipped up by six positions to the 134th position among 182 countries. The score is based on the new income index developed by the World Bank. India’s score has been pulled down by its slower progress in education and health reforms compared with most nations.
The nation’s government expenditure on health as a percentage is only 3.4% in 2006 compared with 8.3% in Sri Lanka and 6.8% in Vietnam. Similarly, the public expenditure on education as percentage of total government expenses is 10.7% over the years 2000 to 2007.
Therefore, according to the report, life expectancy at birth, at 63.4 years, in India is worse than Egypt, Lebanon or Albania.
This is because the improvement in the growth rates of the country has not impacted its distribution. India’s HDI ranking is six rungs lower than the country’s per capita income ranking in PPP dollar terms, in sharp contrast to neighbours like Bangla-desh, which has a HDI ranking higher by 9 rungs, China 10 rungs and Sri Lanka 14 rungs. “Overall, however, India has made steady progress on the human development index. Its value has gone up from 0.556 in 2000 to 0.612 in 2007,” according...
How to calculate Human development Index
How to Calculate a Human Development Index
Instructions
Step 1
Understand the three major areas of development that the Human Development Index focuses on: health, education and income. Health focuses on longevity and the life expectancy of a country's residents at birth. Education measures adult literacy, as well as the percentage of residents enrolled in various levels of education. Finally, income measures the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country in U.S. dollars. Together, these factors show varying levels of development that can pinpoint specific areas that need work. For example, a country may seem developed to outside critics if it has a high GDP, but an HDI score may reveal that its health levels are low.
Step 2
Learn how countries are ranked in terms of their HDI scores. A score of "1" is a perfect score, meaning a country is as developed as possible. A score of "0" is given to a country with no level of development. Countries are ranked between the two extremes by decimal point to the thousandths place. Most countries in the West rank in the 70th to 80th percentile, marking a relatively high level of development.
Step 3
Calculate the health score in the Human Development Index. Visit the United Nations Statistics Division (link in the Resources section) and obtain the life expectancy at birth for the country in which you are interested. Subtract 25 (the lowest acceptable age of life expectancy, according to the UN) from this number. Divide the final amount by "85 -25." Write down the resulting quotient.
Step 4
Calculate the education score in the Human Development Index. Visit the UN Data page for gross enrollment ratio in tertiary and secondary education (link in the Resources section). Click the country you are interested in and obtain the gross enrollment number. Subtract "0" from this, then divide the total by "100." Write down the quotient.
Step 5
Obtain the literacy rate for your country from the UN Statistics Division (link in the Resources section). Divide the literacy rate by "100" and write down the quotient.
Step 6
Add 2/3 of the quotient in Step 4 with 2/3 of the quotient in Step 5. The resulting sum is the Human Development Index score for education.
Step 7
Calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) score for your Human Development Index. Obtain the GDP number for your country from the UN Statistics Division (link in the Resources section).
Step 8
Input the GDP into the following equation, replacing "GDP" with the number listed in the statistics data: log(GDP) - log(100). Write down the total. Divide by log(40,000) - log(100). Write down the quotient.
Step 9
Calculate the total Human Development Index number for the country you've chosen by combining the data from the previous steps. The HDI is calculated by adding 1/3 of the quotient in Step 3, 1/3 of the quotient in Step 6, and 1/3 of the quotient in Step 8. The sum is the country's Human Development Index.
Instructions
Step 1
Understand the three major areas of development that the Human Development Index focuses on: health, education and income. Health focuses on longevity and the life expectancy of a country's residents at birth. Education measures adult literacy, as well as the percentage of residents enrolled in various levels of education. Finally, income measures the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country in U.S. dollars. Together, these factors show varying levels of development that can pinpoint specific areas that need work. For example, a country may seem developed to outside critics if it has a high GDP, but an HDI score may reveal that its health levels are low.
Step 2
Learn how countries are ranked in terms of their HDI scores. A score of "1" is a perfect score, meaning a country is as developed as possible. A score of "0" is given to a country with no level of development. Countries are ranked between the two extremes by decimal point to the thousandths place. Most countries in the West rank in the 70th to 80th percentile, marking a relatively high level of development.
Step 3
Calculate the health score in the Human Development Index. Visit the United Nations Statistics Division (link in the Resources section) and obtain the life expectancy at birth for the country in which you are interested. Subtract 25 (the lowest acceptable age of life expectancy, according to the UN) from this number. Divide the final amount by "85 -25." Write down the resulting quotient.
Step 4
Calculate the education score in the Human Development Index. Visit the UN Data page for gross enrollment ratio in tertiary and secondary education (link in the Resources section). Click the country you are interested in and obtain the gross enrollment number. Subtract "0" from this, then divide the total by "100." Write down the quotient.
Step 5
Obtain the literacy rate for your country from the UN Statistics Division (link in the Resources section). Divide the literacy rate by "100" and write down the quotient.
Step 6
Add 2/3 of the quotient in Step 4 with 2/3 of the quotient in Step 5. The resulting sum is the Human Development Index score for education.
Step 7
Calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) score for your Human Development Index. Obtain the GDP number for your country from the UN Statistics Division (link in the Resources section).
Step 8
Input the GDP into the following equation, replacing "GDP" with the number listed in the statistics data: log(GDP) - log(100). Write down the total. Divide by log(40,000) - log(100). Write down the quotient.
Step 9
Calculate the total Human Development Index number for the country you've chosen by combining the data from the previous steps. The HDI is calculated by adding 1/3 of the quotient in Step 3, 1/3 of the quotient in Step 6, and 1/3 of the quotient in Step 8. The sum is the country's Human Development Index.
Human Development Index
Human Development Index
The UN Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. The index was developed in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, and has been used since 1993 by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual report.
The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:
A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth.
Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weight).
A decent standard of living, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.
Each year, countries are listed and ranked according to these measures. Those high on the list often brag about it, as a means of attracting talented migrants (economically, individual capital) or discouraging potential emigrants from leaving.
Human Development Index - Method used to calculate the Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) represents the average of the following three indices:
Life Expectancy Index =
Education Index =
Adult Literacy Index (ALI) =
Gross Enrolment Index (GEI) =
GDP Index =
LE: Life expectancyALR: Adult literacy rateCGER: Combined gross enrolment ratioGDPpc: GDP per capita at PPP in USD
The UN Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. The index was developed in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, and has been used since 1993 by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual report.
The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:
A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth.
Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weight).
A decent standard of living, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.
Each year, countries are listed and ranked according to these measures. Those high on the list often brag about it, as a means of attracting talented migrants (economically, individual capital) or discouraging potential emigrants from leaving.
Human Development Index - Method used to calculate the Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) represents the average of the following three indices:
Life Expectancy Index =
Education Index =
Adult Literacy Index (ALI) =
Gross Enrolment Index (GEI) =
GDP Index =
LE: Life expectancyALR: Adult literacy rateCGER: Combined gross enrolment ratioGDPpc: GDP per capita at PPP in USD
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
Course structure of Basics of Human development For MBA - Ist semester
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES
SHARDA UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA
Instructor : Dr. Prem S. Vashishtha and Mr. Mridul Dharwal
Program: MBAS
Course: Basics of Human Development
Course Code: HUM 101
Credit: 3
Aim : The aim of the course is to provide the students with an overall understanding of the Key issues in human development related to underdevelopment, poverty and inequality, and to ensure that human development and growth are understood with a wide socio-economic and gender mainstreaming perspective. The basic issues are relevant to all societies and economic systems at different levels of development. However, these issues need immediate attention, particularly in the developing societies and market transition economies.
Course contents:
UNIT I
Economic growth and development :
Growth and Development : Meaning, Characteristics and Indicators
Human Development: Concept
Human Development: Paradigm shift in approach to development
UNIT-II
Human Development : Measurement and Issues :
Poverty, Inequality and Development
Human Poverty Index (HPI)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Gender aspects :
Gender related Development Index (GDI)
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
UNIT III
Towards Sustainable Human Development :
Green GDP
Natural Resource Depletion and the Poor
Global Warming, Adaptation to climate change and the poor
UNIT IV
Role of State in Promoting Human Development :
Children and malnutrition
Education and skill formation
Financing of social sector schemes
Indian scenario
UNIT V
Governance Issues :
The role of Political freedom and concern with human development issues
Decentralized Governance and local decision making
Managing social sector programs in India
Books Recommended :
Amartya Sen : Development as freedom.
Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen : India Development and Participation. ( Oxford, Pub.)
Debraj Ray : Development Economics. (Oxford Pub.)
Amartya Sen : Action India, Economic Development and social opportunity.
Rudradutt and Sundram : Indian Economy (Latest Ed.)
S. K. Misra and V.K. Puri : Indian Economy (Latest Ed., Himalaya Publishing House)
A.P.Thirlwal:Growth and Development with special reference to Developing Economies. (Latest Ed.)
Michael P.Todaro:Economic Development in the Third world (Latest Ed.)
G.M.Meier:Leading Issues in Economic Development (Latest Ed., Oxford Pub.)
Reference Books :
India Development Report 2008 (Oxford Pub.)
World Development Report (Latest). (World Bank)
Human Development Report 2007/2008 (UNDP)
Human Development Report 2006 (UNDP)
Human Development Report 1990 (UNDP)
The Economic Survey-Government of India. (Ministry of Finance)
Five year plans of India. (Planning Commission)
Website address :
United Nation Development Programme ( http://www.undp.org)
World Bank (http://www.worldbank.org)
Planning Commission (http://www.planningcommission.nic.in)
India Budget (http://www.indiabudget.nic.in)
.
Learning of the subject - Basic of Human development
1. Reading news paper.
2. Reading the following magazines:
Yojana, Economic and political weekly
3. Reading the following reports:
(i) Human development report by UNDP
(ii) World development report published by World bank
2. Reading the following magazines:
Yojana, Economic and political weekly
3. Reading the following reports:
(i) Human development report by UNDP
(ii) World development report published by World bank
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